The basic structural basis of plants consists of different types of tissues. Plant tissues can be divided into two categories based on their ability to divide: permanent tissues and meristematic tissues. Cells of meristematic tissues, unlike permanent tissues, do not lose the ability to divide.
They do not differentiate to acquire a permanent form, size, or function; Instead, they remain small, immature, and cytoplasmically dense with high respiration rates. Meristematic tissues are divided into two categories based on their origin: primary and secondary meristems.
Primary meristematic tissues are generated directly from embryonic meristems, while secondary meristematic tissues are indistinguishable from permanent tissues. There are three forms of primary meristematic tissue depending on the location of the tissue.
The three types are apical, intercalary and lateral. Using the "apex meristem" we can explain that this happens at the tips (both root and shoot tips). It occurs in the internodes of the plant body with the help of the "intercalary meristem". With the help of the "lateral meristem" it is given together with the circumference of the plant body.
To identify and differentiate the intercalary meristem see the figure below. Meristematic tissues are made up of actively dividing cells. Plants of uncertain growth are caused by them. They produce permanent plant tissues such as vascular tissue, epidermis, phellem, ground tissue, etc.
The three forms of meristematic tissue are (1) apical meristem (end parts), (2) intercalary meristem (at the nodes of some monocots), and (3) lateral meristem (at the nodes of certain monocots) (towards or from the sides).
A type of meristematic tissue seen at the base of monocot nodes and leaf blades. The term comes from the fact that the intercalary meristem is a form of meristematic tissue that grows in length in the intermediate position.
This layer consists of meristematic cells that divide mitotically in the stem at the base of the nodes and leaf blades. Medium-term growth is the term for growth that is happening now. This is important for these groups of plants as it acts as an anti-herbivore adaptation.
These plants, thanks to intercropping, can balance plant parts eaten by herbivores with fast-growing leaves and elongated stems. intercalary meristematic tissue; Mid-growth tissues are synonyms.
What are intercalary meristems?
An intercalary meristem is a type of primary meristematic tissue that supports vertical growth and increases the length of a plant or tree. Small, thin-walled stem cells filled with protoplasm make up this meristematic area. The following are the distinguishing features of the intercalary meristem:
1.divergence in nature
2.Primarily by origin (derived directly from an embryo)
3.interlayer (between permanent tissues)
Being mitotically (divided) active, the intercalary meristem contributes to the vertical or intercalary growth of the plant and earns its name. The intercalary meristem, unlike other basic meristematic tissues, has a border; it will eventually reach a limit and become permanent tissue.
The intercalary meristem is actually meristematic tissue implanted in the mature tissue according to some scientific literature. From this perspective, the apical meristem is the source of the intercalary meristem. Once inserted, the apical tissue is said to divide into multiple intercalary sections that will eventually form multiple intercalary meristems that we will gradually create.
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intercalary Meristem source
There are two sources of stored meristem just behind the shoots and root tips. One is the subapical meristem, which is located at the base of the apical meristem and helps create the intercalary meristem "directly". Another pathway is the dedifferentiation of mature tissues that "indirectly" leads to the development of intercalary meristems later in plant life.
1.Subapical Meristem This occurs when dividing activity is gradually restricted to an area of the internode/floral axis/spike axis where it is very long and contributes significantly to the internodal tissue.
2.Dedifferentiation of Mature Tissues Although the intercalary meristem develops in mature tissues, part of it is 'silently preserved' after maturation. This inactive tissue dedifferentiates when triggered by an environmental, growth, or developmental situation.
The transition of cells from a highly differentiated state to a less differentiated or stem cell-like state is known as mature tissue dedifferentiation. It contributes to long-term dividing activity via this pathway and is normally the major contributor to longitudinal growth in the later stages of plant life.
Presence of intercalary meristems in different plant lineages
Intercalar meristems have been found in thallophytes (algae), bryophytes (mosses), pteridophytes (ferns), gymnosperms (conifers, cycads), and angiosperms (monocots and dicots) in a variety of plant lineages. Although the position and functions of intercalary meristems vary widely across the spectrum, their importance in plant growth and development remains constant.
1. Angiospermen
Monocots have the intercalary meristem typical of angiosperms. However, both monocots and dicots have an apical shoot meristem that splits into monocots but not dicots during development, resulting in an additional meristem below the apex known as the intercalary meristem. This process continues until flowering begins, resulting in the formation of intercalary meristems at the grass nodes.
2. Gymnospermen
Pinus has been shown to have an intercalary meristem between gymnosperms. The intercalary meristem is important for the formation of Pinus cataphyll (reduced leaves of gymnosperms).
3. Thallophyten
Intercalary meristems were found in the algal layer (Phaeophyta/brown algae) between thallophytes/algae. In algae, there is an intermediate meristem between the stalk and the lamina to lengthen the thallus.
4. Pteridophyten
Horsetails have been shown to have an intercalary meristem between pteridophytes/ferns (Equisetum spp.). Intercalar meristems are found in aerial shoots of Equisetum spp. found, but there is no information about their existence in rhizomes.
How does the intercalary meristem help in the vegetative growth ofEquisetum spp.Photos?
The events leading to the development of the intercalary meristem inEquisetum spp.are described here. The intercalary meristem, in combination with the apical meristem, aids in the vegetative development ofEquisetum spp..
1.In the vegetative bud, the apical cells divide, leading to the development of "merophytes".
2.These merophytes work in unison, resulting in the formation of units known as "phytomers".
3.A phytomer can be divided into two different levels.
- A. The basal internodal layer is known as
- B. a higher node level
4.The meristematic activity ofEquisetum spp.it is maintained by the basal internodal layer which gives rise to the development of the intercalary meristem.
The function intercalates Meristem
Intercalary meristematic tissue, like mammalian organs and tissues, can play a variety of roles in lineages, genera, and species; likewise, intercalary meristematic tissue performs a variety of functions in plants.
It satisfies several essential needs of a plant to live and reproduce, from vertical (longitudinal) growth to grazing tolerance and gynophore development. The following are some of the most important functions of the intercalary meristem:
1)Helps restore fallen stems of cereal crops.
2)Helps regenerate grass that has been grazed by animals or repeatedly mowed.
3)Promotes bamboo height development by lengthening the internodes.
4)It has a significant impact on the morphology and physiology of grass development. When grasses grow, the entire leaf primordium initially shows meristematic activity, but later only the intercalary meristem shows cell division.
Intercalary meristematic activity within the lamina ceases after the development of the ligula. Intercalary meristematic activity within the pod ceases when the ligule is exposed. As a result of the basal location of the intercalary meristematic tissue within the two main components of grasses - leaf and sheath - leaf elongation can occur after repeated defoliation/grazing/cutting without leaf tip replacement.
When we examine the meristematic activity of different meristems in grasses, we can derive two important points: the intercalary meristem produces spare grass blades fastest, while the axillary meristem produces spare grass blades the slowest.
Therefore, the grass meristem is commonly known as the intercalary meristem. Intercalar meristem > Apical meristem > Axillary meristem Intercalar meristems are short-lived, but axillary buds give permanence to the plant.
5)In haygrasses such as sorghum, millet and sugar cane, the intercalary meristem is important for culm elongation. The stalk is an essential part of the malt product made from these grasses. The longer the stem, the more malt can be extracted. Due to their high nutrient content, they are also used as healthy animal feed.
6)in peanuts (Arachis-Hypogäum) the presence of an intercalary meristem on the ovarian peduncle causes the gynophore to develop near the ovary. Only after successful pollination and fertilization does the intercalary meristem become active. The fertilized ovary is buried deep into the ground by the intercalary meristem.
7)The embedded meristem in algae (Phaeophyta/brown algae) helps to stretch the thallus.
Examples of intercalary meristems
The following autotrophs and their locations collectively illustrate intercalary meristems:
1.Grasses and grains belong to the Poaceae family (at the base of the internodes and above the nodes).
2.Gift in a mint container (Between Us)
3.Possible in Pinus (at the base of the leaves)
4.Bambus display (in Internodien)
5.Found in sugar cane (at the base of several upper internodes)
6.Mounted on Equisetum (located above each node)
7.Arachis hypogea is present (in the ovarian stem)
8.Present in seaweed, phylum chorda (in vegetative and sporophytic stages)
Intercalary Meristem References
growth mechanisms: https://forages.oregonstate.edu/
intercalary meristem: http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/
FAQs
What is intercalary meristem and its function? ›
Intercalary meristem is a type of primary meristematic tissue containing cells that can divide and promote the growth of the plant. They are located at the base of internodes. The function of the intercalary meristem is to promote the lengthening of the stem and increase the height of the plant.
What is intercalary meristem example? ›The primary function of an intercalary meristem is to facilitate longitudinal growth of a plant organ, independent of activity of the apical meristem. Examples are the meristems in the leaf sheaths and internodes of grasses and horsetails.
What is intercalary meristem structure? ›Intercalary Meristem
It is located in the leaves and internodes at the intercalary position. These help to increase the length of the internode. It is found in grass, monocots and pines. It is a part of apical meristem and adds to the height of the plant.
Meristems at the tips of roots provide a constant supply of new cells allowing roots to grow longer. Meristems at the tips of shoots allow a plant to keep growing taller and spread wider. Meristems between the xylem and phloem increase the width of a plant. These result in the annual growth rings in trees.
What does intercalary meristem produces? ›An intercalary meristem produces primary growth. Hence, option B is correct. - Meristematic tissues comprise cells that are effectively separating. They are liable for the vague development in plants.
Where are intercalary meristems found? ›Intercalary meristem is a primary meristem, found in the bases of internodes and leaf sheaths of grasses.
What are examples of meristems? ›The growth tissues of plants are meristems; they have rapidly dividing cells that enlarge (grow) to provide the bulk of the plant. Examples of several meristematic tissues will be considered here: the root tip (radical), the terminal bud (apical meristem), and the cambium.
What is intercalary growth in biology? ›Intercalary growth is the growth in the height of the plant that is achieved through the division of meristematic cells found on the internodal regions, in the buds, and at the stalk of the leaves. This type of growth also occurs in the primordium so that lengthwise growth can occur.
What are the examples of lateral meristem? ›Assertion :Fascicular vascular cambium, interfascicular cambium and cork-cambium are examples of lateral meristems Reason: These are responsible for producing the secondary tissues.
Which is true for intercalary meristem? ›Grasses have intercalary meristems located along the stems near the nodes. Cell divisions in this tissue push the stem upward. So the correct option is 'primary meristem'.
What is the origin of intercalary meristem? ›
Final Answer: - Intercalary meristems are derived from primary meristems.
What is intercalary? ›Adjective. intercalary (not comparable) Describing a time period inserted between others; leap, (as in leap day, leap month, or leap year)
What are the two functions of meristem tissue? ›Functions: The cells of the meristematic tissue divide actively to form specialized structures such as buds of leaves and flowers, tips of roots and shoots, etc. These cells help to increase the length and girth of the plant. The meristematic tissues heal the wounds of an injured plant.
What is the function of meristems quizlet? ›Meristems are plant tissues in which cells divide to reproduce, grow, and develop new tissue.
What are meristematic tissue types and functions? ›Meristematic tissue is made up of a group of cells that divide continuously to form new cells. This tissue is found in the growing regions of plants such as the tips of roots, stems, and branches. The function of meristematic tissue is to make plants grow. The cells of meristematic tissue are small and cubical.
Does intercalary meristem causes primary growth? ›Root apical meristem and shoot apical meristem contribute to cell elongation of plants which is called primary growth. Q. Assertion :Apical and intercalary meristems contribute to the growth in length while the lateral meristems bring increase in girth in maize.
Does intercalary meristem help in secondary growth? ›The answer is option B: Primary growth.
Are leaf veins intercalary meristems? ›Therefore, leaf meristems producing leaf mesophyll cells as well as initial cells of stomata and veins are classified into intercalary meristems, that are meristematic tissues reside in a differentiating organ.
What plants have an intercalary meristem? ›Intercalary meristems is located in the leaves and internodes at the intercalary position. These help to increase the length of the internode. It is found in grass, monocots, and pines. It is a part of apical meristem and adds to the height of the plant.
What are the three types of meristems what are their functions? ›There are three primary meristems: the protoderm, which will become the epidermis; the ground meristem, which will form the ground tissues comprising parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells; and the procambium, which will become the vascular tissues (xylem and phloem).
What is the other name of intercalary meristem? ›
Hence, intercalary meristem in grasses is often referred to as grass meristem.
What is the function of meristems and where are they located? ›Meristems in plants are the center of active mitotic cell division where plant growth occurs. These tissues can be found in root tips, shoots, buds, and any place where new growth occurs. Meristematic cells are often compared to stem cells in animals.
Is intercalary meristem called cambium? ›It is also called interfascicular vascular cambium. b) Interfascicular cambium : The meristematic tissue which develops between the vascular bundles is called interfascicular cambium.
What is the main function of lateral meristem? ›Lateral meristems are the meristems that are present at the longitudinal axis region of the roots and shoots of the plants. The function of lateral meristem is to increase the thickness of the plants.
What are the examples of apical meristem? ›Root apex and shoot apex are examples of the apical meristem.
What is a simple definition of lateral meristem? ›A lateral meristem is a tissue that helps plants to grow out or laterally via the cork cambium, with water and nutrients being transported by the vascular cambium.
Is intercalary meristem primary or secondary? ›Apical and intercalary meristems are also known as primary meristem while lateral meristem is considered as secondary meristem.
Does intercalary meristem adds to the length of plants? ›Intercalary meristem divides and provides an increase in the length of the internode. When root or shoot grows in length some apical meristem leaves some meristematic cells behind at the node. Such meristems are called as intercalary meristems.
What is the difference between apical and intercalary meristem? ›a) Apical meristem is found at the tip of the stem and root. It is responsible for the growth of the length of shoot and roots of the plant also known as primary growth. b) Intercalary meristem is found intercalated or between permanent tissues. It helps to increase the height of the plant.
What is intercalary meristem Brainly? ›Answer: Intercalary meristem occurs at the base of the internodes or at the base of nodes or leaf. Their main function is to provide elongation and growth of that part of the plant where they are present. Intercalary meristems are capable of cell division, and they allow for rapid growth and regrowth of many monocots.
What is intercalary today? ›
adjective. having a day or month inserted to make the calendar year correspond to the solar year: "Feb. 29 is an intercalary day"
What is the difference between intercalary meristem and lateral meristem? ›The intercalary meristems help in increasing the length of the internode. This is usually seen in monocotyledonous plants. Lateral Meristems – The lateral meristems are present on the lateral side of the stem and root of a plant. These meristems help in increasing the thickness of the plants.
What are the three main types of plant tissue and their functions? ›They differentiate into three main types: dermal, vascular, and ground tissue. Dermal tissue covers and protects the plant. The ground tissue serves as a site for photosynthesis, provides a supporting matrix for the vascular tissue, and helps to store water and sugars.
What are the 4 meristems? ›A plant has four kinds of meristems: the apical meristem and three kinds of lateral—vascular cambium, cork cambium, and intercalary meristem.
Why is the meristem important in the growth and development of a plant? ›Meristem Zones
Its main function is to trigger the growth of new cells in young seedlings at the tips of roots and shoots and forming buds.
a) Apical meristem is found at the tip of the stem and root. It is responsible for the growth of the length of shoot and roots of the plant also known as primary growth. b) Intercalary meristem is found intercalated or between permanent tissues. It helps to increase the height of the plant.
What are the functions of apical intercalary and lateral? ›Assertion :Apical and intercalary meristems contribute to the growth in length while the lateral meristems bring increase in girth in maize. Reason: Apical and intercalary meristems always increase the height of plants.
What is the example of lateral meristem? ›Assertion :Fascicular vascular cambium, interfascicular cambium and cork-cambium are examples of lateral meristems Reason: These are responsible for producing the secondary tissues.
What is the difference between apical lateral and intercalary meristem? ›The key difference between apical intercalary and lateral meristem is that the apical meristem situates at the tips of the roots and the shoots while the intercalary meristem situates at the internodes and lateral meristem locates at the lateral side of the stem and the roots.
What is intercalary growth in plants? ›Intercalary growth is the growth in the height of the plant that is achieved through the division of meristematic cells found on the internodal regions, in the buds, and at the stalk of the leaves. This type of growth also occurs in the primordium so that lengthwise growth can occur.
What does the word intercalary mean? ›
ˌin-tər-ˈka-lə-rē : inserted in a calendar. an intercalary day. of a year : containing an intercalary period (such as a day or month) : inserted between other things or parts : interpolated.
Is intercalary meristem a primary? ›Both the apical and intercalary meristems are referred to as "primary" meristems since they develop early in a plant's life and contribute to the building of the main plant body.
What is the function of apical intercalary? ›Intercalary meristems is located in the leaves and internodes at the intercalary position. These help to increase the length of the internode. It is found in grass, monocots, and pines. It is a part of apical meristem and adds to the height of the plant.
What are the functions of apical meristem and intercalary meristem? ›Apical meristems give rise to the primary plant body and are responsible for the extension of the roots and shoots. Lateral meristems are known as secondary meristems because they are responsible for secondary growth, or increase in stem girth and thickness.
What is the function of intercalary meristem Brainly? ›Answer: Intercalary meristem occurs at the base of the internodes or at the base of nodes or leaf. Their main function is to provide elongation and growth of that part of the plant where they are present. Intercalary meristems are capable of cell division, and they allow for rapid growth and regrowth of many monocots.